Partyplay for fun theroom theroom is the premierspecialty casino, offering an outstanding variety of live, interactive, multi-player, 3d hands and learn to playonline. Are gamblers rational or just rash? when asked to consider all the money spent on gambling over the past year, less than a third of gamblers think they are ahead for the year. so if gamblers lose most of the time, why do they keep playing? for the entertainment value: some 71 percent of gamblers say they play for pure enjoyment, not to get rich quick.24 but while a great many people enjoy gambling, a great many people also enjoy exercising, collecting butterflies, watching videos and any number of other leisure activities. judged against other forms of diversion, gambling has a significant but not dominant share of the market.25 however, unlike these other activities, gambling is subject to a wide range of state and federal taxes. this strikes at the very heart of the purpose of taxes on gambling. if gambling is perceived as a harmless alternative to other forms of entertainment, it should be taxed at a similar rate as other activities. but if gambling is perceived as a "sin" with deplorable social side effects, governments should weigh the effects of legalization against the costs both social and financial ; of high tax rates on lower-income populations. gamblers' responsiveness to changes in price. economists generally measure responsiveness to price using elasticity of demand. [see discussion in section i: excise taxes and tobacco.] in the case of state lotteries, elasticity would be the percentage change in lottery tickets purchased after a 1 percent increase in price that is, a 1 percent reduction in the payoff ; . gamblers' responsiveness to price increases has important implications for determining the appropriate level of gambling taxes. for example, if one believes gambling has serious social consequences -- and if elasticity is greater than one -- higher taxes on gambling serve the useful purpose of inducing people to stop or reduce their play. however, if elasticity is less than one, gambling will not be abetted and gamblers' costs will rise. thus, there would be less justification for imposing regressive taxes on the poor if the demand will not be stemmed by high taxes. sadly, there is general consensus that little reliable data exists on the price sensitivity of gambling. there is also a general consensus that most forms of gambling are unlikely to be sensitive to changes in price. first, unlike normal consumer goods, the price of gambling is not readily apparent.

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The american government has yet to abide by that ruling. the byrd amendment remains in effect, and is a great enticement to american companies and groups that might profit from such successful actions. because the u.s. failed to rescind the byrd amendment, the wto gave permission to eight countries to impose duties on american products. canada was one of these, and chose to impose duties of 15 percent on live swine, cigarettes, oysters and certain specialty fish. the canadian list seems rather less than striking. we don't import many american hogs, american cigarettes smell bad, and i doubt we are being flooded with aphrodisiac oysters flaunting the stars and stripes. in light of these trade developments, there have been calls for canada to examine its participation in nafta. when these are voiced, there are immediate counter-voices that claim trade between the two countries is largely without problems. note however, that softwood lumber was once canada's largest dollar export to the states. re-examining nafta would allow canada to look at the energy sections of that agreement. under nafta, canada cannot restrict exports of oil and gas to the u.s., even should canada itself run short. given the global energy crisis that is looming, canada's huge oil supplies are a precious bargaining chip. it is a chip, however, that we are unable to use. under nafta, we gave up that power. canadians should be aware that canada, not saudi arabia, not iraq, is the largest single supplier of oil to the americans. if they wish to play hardball on trade matters, we have a finger on their most important import. mind you, wagging that finger might take more courage than our current government can muster. Want to reach that person, you have to go online. and indeed, that's what some of the studios are finally starting to wake up to that. so, speaking of television and the internet, i was in norway at a conference addressing the group. and told them that i was really upset because i had to travel to norway, i had missed "desperate housewives". but not to fear because i actually was going to take them all into my bedroom where i had my "sling box" on top of my tivo and cable box. and i pulled up the episode of "desperate housewives" that i missed from the night before and we all got to watch "desperate housewives" through my laptop computer through a very nice broadband connection in oslo. so sling box is just like, to me, the fact that i could be in a hotel and not have to watch what they want me to watch, i could actually watch my own local news. jeremy: this is a consumer electronics device that you can buy at retail. this goes into your home. hooks up with standard av, interconnects to your cable box, satellite box, tivo, replay or even bunny ears. any kind of video source gets plugged in. this gets hooked up to your high speed internet connection in your home. so the sling box doesn't travel with you. it's not yet another thing you have to carry around and charge and Yahoo.

4 a computer-assisted proof of kepler's conjecture in 1611, kepler described the stacking of equal-sized spheres into the familiar arrangement we see for oranges in the grocery store. he asserted that this packing is the tightest possible. this assertion is now known as the kepler conjecture, and has persisted for centuries without rigorous proof. david hilbert included the kepler conjecture in his famous list of unsolved problems in 1900. in 1994, thomas hales, now at the university of pittsburgh, proposed a five-step program that would result in a proof. in 1998, hales announced that the program was now complete [15]. this project involved extensive computation, using an interval arithmetic package, a graph generator, and mathematica. the computer files containing the source code and computational results are here: : math.pitt ~thales kepler98. the journal annals of mathematics has decided to publish hales' paper, but with a cautionary note, because, as they explain, although a team of referees is "99% certain" that the computerassisted proof is sound, they have not been able to verify every detail [22]. one wonders if every other article in this journal has implicitly been certified to be correct with more than 99% certainty! in an attempt to resolve the remaining uncertainty, hales has decided to embark on a project to construct a computerbased formal proof and anticipates completion by 2010. however, even this is not likely to quell the controversy among some traditional mathematicians regarding computer-based proofs. 5 probabilistic primes versus provable primes today whenever one uses a credit card to make a purchase over the internet, it is quite likely that at some point in the process, one's internet browser constructs a pair of large prime numbers. through the years numerous efficient computational algorithms have been found to provably certify that an integer is prime, culminating with the recent discovery by three indian mathematicians of a "polynomial time" scheme [12, pg 3023]. however, the most widely used scheme in practice is the monier-rabin probabilistic primality test [13][12, pg 300-303]. this test specifies that a certain numerical computation be repeated in several trials, with a certain auxiliary parameter chosen pseudorandomly in each trial. if the integer passes one trial, it is prime with probability at least 3 4, so that m trials increase this probability to 1 - 1 4m. in fact, for large test integers n, the probability is even closer to unity. for instance, if n has 500 bits, then this probability is greater than 1 - 1 428m. thus a 500-bit integer that passes this test even once is prime with prohibitively safe odds-the chance of a false declaration of primality is less than one part in avogadro's number 6 1023 ; . if it passes the test four times, then the chance of false declaration of primality is less than one part in a googol 10100 ; . it is worth pointing out that such tiny probabilities are many times more remote than the chance that an undetected hardware error occurs during the calculation, not to mention the possibility of a computer program bug. given these realities, what is the point of distinguishing between a "provable" primality test performed on a computer ; and a probabilistic primality test also performed on a computer ; ? 6 validity checks for large computations in several recent mathematical computations, computer runs of many hours were required, sometimes on highly parallel computers. given the many possible sources of error in such calculations computer program, processor, memory, network, disk, compiler, operating system, etc. ; , one can rightly ask why anyone would ever have confidence in the results. in fact, these computations typically employ very rigorous validity checks. for example, richard crandall, ernst mayer and jason papadoupoulos recently determined that the fermat 24 number f24 22 + 1 composite. this calculation employed a "wavefront" scheme, where a faster computer system computed a chain of squares modulo f24, such as 321000000 mod f24, 322000000 mod f24, 323000000 mod f24, . then each of a set of slower computers started with one of these intermediate values, squared it 1, 000, 000 times modulo f24, and checked to see if the result a 16-million-bit integer ; precisely reproduced the next value in the chain. if it did, then this is very strong evidence that both computations were correct. if not, then the process was repeated [14, page 187]. along this line, yasumada kanada of the university of tokyo recently computed the first trillion hexadecimal digits of and also the first trillion decimal digits ; . to validate his results, he first computed the first trillion hexadecimal base-16 ; digits of , using two different formulas. both of these computations precisely agreed to over one trillion digits. then he used a variant of the bbp formula for to independently calculate 24 hexadecimal digits beginning at position one trillion. the result precisely agreed with the two earlier calculations. needless to say, it is exceedingly unlikely that independent computations, employing a completely different technique, would each produce the same 24-long hexadecimal digit sequence, unless each is in fact correct the probability of such an accidental agreement, in a heuristic sense, is 16-24 1.26 10-29 ; . in a similar way in 1999, colin percival, then an undergraduate student at simon fraser university, harnessed a worldwide network of personal computers to calculate a segment of binary digits of beginning at the quadrillionth place, using a variant of the bbp formula for . such calculations can be checked by computing two closely overlapping sections of digits, and verifying that the overlapped digits precisely agree although percival's actual scheme was somewhat different ; . again, this raises the question: which would you rather trust, a mathematical theorem that is the final result of a long, difficult paper, fully understood only by a handful of people worldwide, or a computational result that has been confirmed by multiple independent, exacting validity checks?.
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